Hollow fiber membranes offer a compelling strategy for water treatment applications due to their unique structural characteristics and exceptional capability. These cylindrical structures, composed of polymer materials, possess a large contact area to volume ratio, enabling efficient purification of contaminants from water. The asymmetrical nature

Membrane bioreactors (MABR) are emerging technologies rapidly disrupting the landscape of wastewater treatment. Unlike conventional methods, MABR technologies integrate a microbiological reactor with a membrane separation module, offering enhanced efficiency. This integrated approach delivers significant benefits such as higher degradation rates of